Shahram Ebrahimi; mojtaba Mojtaba Malek Afzali Ardakani
Abstract
In the field of criminal sciences individualization can be observed as a multi-layered process comprising distinct stages. The first stage involves legal individualization, wherein ...
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In the field of criminal sciences individualization can be observed as a multi-layered process comprising distinct stages. The first stage involves legal individualization, wherein legislators prescribe punishments proportionate to crime severity. But, due to the generic and impersonal nature of laws, the personal characteristics of offenders receive limited consideration. The subsequent stage entails judicial individualization, wherein the judge through examination of the defendant's personality traits, psychological profile, and social circumstances seeks to impose a sentence tailored to their individual conditions Furthermore, individualization remains vital during punishment execution—particularly in systems where sentence enforcement retains judicial oversight. At this stage, adjustments to the execution modality may be made based on the prisoner’s evolving circumstances. Beyond these tiers, rehabilitative individualization takes effect, aiming to reform and reintegrate offenders while preventing recidivism. This process requires the design of person-centered rehabilitation programs based on existing correctional models, ensuring each individual receives tailored educational, therapeutic, and vocational training—adapted to their specific needs and circumstances—to facilitate their reintegration into society. The Cognitive-Behavioral Model facilitates offender rehabilitation by targeting cognitive and behavioral patterns to induce intrinsic change The Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) Model identifies and addresses individual-specific needs to mitigate recidivism risks. The Good Lives Model (GLM)—emphasizing creating opportunities for healthy, purpose-driven living helps offenders redirect their paths from criminal behavior toward personal growth and rehabilitation. Integrated implementation of these three models could significantly enhance personal rehabilitation of offenders, reduce recidivism rates, and facilitate successful societal reintegration.
