The Scope of the Bones of “Kaʿb” and “Qadam” and Examination of al-Dīya (Arabic: الْدِّیَة) for Injuries From the Perspective of Jurisprudence, Law, and Forensic Medicine

The bones of the “Kaʿb” (Arabic: اَلْکَعْب, lit.: ankle) and “Qadam” (Arabic: اَلْقَدَم, lit.: The lower extremity of the leg below the ankl or foot such as: tarsal bones, metatarsals, and phalanges or toes), based on jurisprudential-narrative texts have special rulings (Arabic: أحْکام, romanized: aḥkām, lit.: rulings, plural of ḥukm “حُکْم”). The research on the scope of the inclusion of “Kaʿb” and “Qadam” bones is in order to identify the examples of the rulings of Dīya (Arabic: دیة; pl.: dīyāt, Arabic: دیات) for bone injuries caused to the titles mentioned in jurisprudential-narrative texts. The “Qadam” in an extensive definition, includes the bones after the ankle joint, which includes 26 bones. In general, the plantar bones, or in other words, the bones after the ankle joint, only the range of inclusion of the toe bones is definitively known, and the other plantar bones are in the range of the words of the heel or foot. In the set of bones in the foot or, in other words, the bones after the ankle joint, only the range of the toe bones is definitively specified, and the other bones of the foot fall within the scope of the terms “Kaʿb” and “Qadam”. Considering that al-ḥaqīqatu ash-sharʿiyya (Arabic: اَلْحَقیقَةُ الْشَّرْعیّة, lit.: It was established for a religious meaning during the time of the Prophet of Islam) and al-ḥaqīqatu al-mutisharriʿa (Arabic: اَلْحَقیقَةُ الْمُتِشَرِّعَة, lit.: The concepts or principles that have been established within Islamic jurisprudence or Sharīʿah) were not meant in the context of “Kaʿb” and “Qadam”, it was concluded, based on the texts of lexicon and al-fiqh (Arabic: اَلْفِقْه, lit.: “jurisprudence”) that “Kaʿb” is the same as the ankle and all the 26 bones after the foot joint, except for the 14 bones of the toes, which are included in the scope of the word “Qadam” and its related rulings, including the amount of blood money determined for the injuries inflicted on each of the bones of the “Kaʿb” and “Qadam”. Although the dīya (blood money) for certain bones, including the clavicle, has been considered by the legislator, the subject of this article has remained unaddressed despite the existence of narrative texts. This article examines the narrative texts, jurisprudential texts, legal texts, and forensic procedures in a library manner and presents legislative suggestions based on the results.