The Dual Structure of Qisas and Pardon in the Punishment of Intentional Homicide: A Jurisprudential Reflection on the Relationship between Retributive and Restorative Justice

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 PhD Student, Department of Jurisprudence and Criminal law, Motahhari University, Tehran, Iran.

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Jurisprudence and criminal law, University of Shahid Motahari, Tehran, Iran.

3 Associate professor, Department of Theological Education, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

Punitiveness and tolerance approaches, rooted in different foundations, constitute two predominant paradigms in the systems of criminal law. The former emphasizes punishment and retaliation, leading to the perpetuation of an endless cycle of crime and punishment, while the latter, focusing on rehabilitation and reform, may forfeit some of the benefits of punishment and diminish the deterrent element. Although scholars argue that a rational combination of these two approaches brings us closer to justice, it may pose numerous challenges in balancing retribution and rehabilitation. Studies indicate that Islamic law's approach to the punishment for intentional homicide does not fall into either of these categorizations. Islamic jurisprudence, when addressing the retribution for this offense, initially establishes Qisas (retaliation) as the severest punishment while simultaneously encouraging the victim's heirs to forgive, symbolizing the pinnacle of mercy. Although adopting this dual approach may initially appear contradictory, the gradual process - First, considering it as Haq al-Nas and then trying to compensate and support the victim through his intervention in Proceeding - demonstrates the shrewdness and technicality of this process. Therefore, it can be argued that the rights of Qisas and pardon complement each other in Islam, and this duality aids in compensating for damages and creating better conditions for repairing the injuries inflicted upon the victim. Ultimately, the existence of the right to pardon and simultaneous attention to the victim, the offender, and society weaken punitiveness justice in favor of restorative justice.

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References

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Criminal Law Doctrines
Volume 22, Issue 29
May 2025
Pages 203-234

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History

  • Receive Date: 03 March 2025
  • Revise Date: 04 August 2025
  • Accept Date: 23 September 2025
  • Publish Date: 21 April 2025

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