The Inefficiency of Mainstream Criminological Theories in Analyzing Rural Crime in Iran

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Shi.C,. Islamic Azad university, Shiraz, Iran.

2 Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Shi.C., Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran.

3 Department of Law and Jurisprudence, Institute for Research and Development in the Humanities(SAMT), Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

Criminological literature has historically been urban-centric, although crime, as a social phenomenon is not exclusive to urban areas. In mainstream criminology urban crime serves as the theoretical framework. However, a critical examination of these theories reveal inefficiency in addressing crimes in rural areas. Many theories in this field focus on large populations, cultural diversity, social class hierarchy, and social disorganization, which are more compatible in urban behavior. Meanwhile, rural areas are characterized by smaller populations, homogeneous culture, ethnic-based social classes, and a strong social bond. These differences have influenced crime patterns and led to area-specific offences. In rural communities, crimes related to the environment and rural economy, such as poaching, digging unlicensed wells, and changes in land use are more commonly found. This research employs a descriptive bibliometric approach to analyze the existing gap in the mainstream criminological theories, reveals significant differences between rural and urban crimes and highlights that rural crimes cannot be analyzed simply as an extension of urban crimes. Identifying the shortcomings of such theories enables a better understanding of rural crimes, leading to appropriate preventive measures.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

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Criminal Law Doctrines
Volume 22, Issue 30 - Serial Number 30
December 2025
Pages 101-138

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History

  • Receive Date: 23 November 2025
  • Revise Date: 25 January 2026
  • Accept Date: 02 February 2026
  • Publish Date: 22 December 2025

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