شرط مارتنس در حقوق کیفری بین‌المللی؛ ماهیت و کارکردهای تفسیری

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق بین‌الملل عمومی، گروه حقوق عمومی و بین‌الملل، دانشکده حقوق، الهیات و علوم سیاسی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران

2 دانشیار گروه حقوق بین‌الملل، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

3 استادیار گروه حقوق عمومی و بین الملل، دانشکده حقوق، الهیات و علوم سیاسی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

در نخستین کنفرانس صلح 1899 لاهه، فردریش ون مارتنس، نماینده دولت روسیه بیان داشت تا آن زمان که مجموعه قواعد منظم جنگ تدوین شود، دولت‌های متعاهد موافقت می‌نمایند در مواردی که تحت شمول مقررات مصوب قرار نمی‌گیرد، جمعیت‌های غیر نظامی و متخاصمان همچنان تحت حمایت اصول حقوق مللِ منبعث از عرف تثبیت‌شده میان ملل متمدن، اصول بشریت و ندای وجدان عمومی قرار خواهند گرفت. این اظهار که در ادبیات حقوق بین‌الملل به شرط مارتنس مشهور شد، در حقوق کیفری بین‌المللی اثرات عینی به همراه داشته است. محاکم کیفری بین‌المللی به مناسبت‌های مختلف، به شرط مارتنس متوسل شده‌اند. با تحلیل آرا و نظرات محاکم کیفری بین‌المللی می‌توان اظهار داشت که شرط مارتنس در حقوق بین‌الملل به طور کلی و حقوق کیفری بین‌المللی به طور خاص، از ظرفیت‌ها و کارکردهای متفاوتی برخوردار است. تفکیک میان این نقش‌ها چندان کار ساده‌ای نیست. اینکه آیا استناد به شرط مارتنس، در راستای نقش پُر کردن خلأهاست و یا تفسیر یک قاعده مبهم و یا صرفاً نقش تقویت استدلال حقوقی دادگاه را ایفا می‌کند، چندان متقن و بدون مناقشه نیست؛ چرا که نوع نگرش به شرط مارتنس، تعیین‌کننده شناسایی اثر آن در حقوق کیفری بین‌المللی است. مقاله حاضر با تتبع در رویه قضایی بین‌المللی به این نتیجه می‌رسد که نقش تفسیری و رفع ابهام و اجمال قواعد حقوقی، جلوه ویژه‌ای در استناد محاکم بین‌المللی کیفری به شرط مارتنس داشته است. این قابلیت‌ها و ظرفیت‌های متنوعِ شرط مارتنس باعث می‌شوند که جامعه بشری برای رسیدن به وضعیت مطلوب و گذار از وضع موجود، دائماً و بر حسب نیاز، از قبض و بسط‌های آن بهره گیرد. بر این پایه، شاهد کارکردهای عینی متنوعی از شرط مارتنس در حقوق کیفری بین‌المللی بوده و هستیم و این روند در آینده نیز ادامه خواهد داشت.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Martens clause in International Criminal Law; the Nature and Interpretive Functions

نویسندگان [English]

  • Parisa Dehqani 1
  • Mohammad Hossein Ramazani Ghavamabadi 2
  • Mohammad Reza Alipour 3
1 Ph.D Student in Public International Law, Public and International Law Department, Faculty of Law, Theology and Political Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
2 Associate Professor, International Law Department, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran (Corresponding Author).
3 Assistant Professor, Public and International Law Department, Faculty of Law, Theology and Political Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Friedrich Van Marts, the representative of the Russian government, in the first Hague Peace Conference of 1899, stated that until a regular rule of war is compiled, the Contracting States would agree that in cases not included by the ratified provisions, civilian and hostile populations will continue to be protected by the principles of the rights of nations derived from established customs among civilized nations are considered as the principles of humanity and the call of public conscience. This statement, which became famous in the literature of international law as the Martens clause, has had objective effects in international criminal law. International criminal courts have resorted to the Martens Clause on various occasions. It can be stated by analyzing the verdicts and opinions of international criminal courts that the Martens Clause, generally in international law and international criminal law in particular has different capacities and functions. It is not easy to distinguish between these roles. Whether citing the Martens Clause is in line with the role of fixing problems or interpreting an ambiguous rule, or merely strengthening the court’s legal arguments is not very convincing and without controversy; since, the type of attitude towards the Martens Clause determines the identification of its effect in international criminal law. The present article by searching in the international judicial procedure, concludes that the role of interpretation and clearing (elimination) the ambiguity and obscurity of legal have had a special effect on the citation of international criminal courts on the Martens Clause. These various capabilities and capacities of the Martens Clause cause human society to use it constantly and as needed to achieve the desired situation and transition from the existing situation. Based on this, we have observed various objective functions of the Martens clause in international criminal law, and this process will continue in the future.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Martens Clause
  • International criminal law
  • Source
  • Interpretation
  • Argumentum e contrario
  • Hermeneutics guide

مراجع

  1. پیری، حیدر، سیدمحمد قاری سیدفاطمی، و سیدهادی محمودی، «کاربست استدلال قیاسی در نظام حقوق کیفری بین‌المللی؛ نبایدها، بایدها و شایدها»، فصلنامه پژوهش حقوق کیفری، سال نهم، شماره 35، تابستان 1400 ش.
  2. پیری، حیدر، و پریسا دهقانی، «نقش شرط مارتنس در تدوین و جرم‌انگاری جرایم بین‌المللی»، مجله مطالعات حقوقی، در دست چاپ.
  3. دهقانی، پریسا، محمدحسین رمضانی قوام‌آبادی، و محمدرضا علی‌پور، «مدخل‌های ورود و کارکردهای شرط مارتنس در حقوق کیفری بین‌المللی»، فصلنامه پژوهش حقوق کیفری، سال نهم، شماره 35، تابستان 1400 ش.

Books & Articles

  1. Abi-Saab, Georges, “The Specificities of Humanitarian Law”, in: Christophe Swinarski (Ed.), Studies and Essays on International Humanitarian Law and Red Cross Principles in Honour of Jean Pictet, Martinus Nijhoff, ICRC 1984.
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  19. Salter, Michael, “Reinterpreting Competing Interpretations of the Scope and Potential of the Martens Clause”, Journal of Conflict & Security Law, Vol. 17(3), 2012.
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Documents & Cases

  1. Australian Statement – ICJ – Requests for Advisory Opinions on the Legality of Nuclear Weapons, reprinted in Aust YB Int’l L 685, 1996.
  2. Control Council No.10 Trials, 954, 979 (US v. Altstoetter), 1951.
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  26. First Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts, 8 June 1977

 

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